Ancient Sulawesi Teeth Reveal Early Human Use of Areca Nut

The assumption that altering consciousness is a byproduct of settled, agricultural societies has been challenged by evidence from Sulawesi. Findings from the Late Pleistocene indicate that hunter-gatherers used psychoactive stimulants thousands of years before the first breweries appeared in the Levant, shifting the timeline of substance use deep into the Paleolithic. The focus of the research is the areca nut (Areca catechu), containing the alkaloid arecoline. Today, betel nut is the fourth most used psychoactive substance globally, trailing only alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. While modern users typically mix the nut with slaked lime to accelerate the absorption of arecoline into the bloodstream, ancient practitioners on Sulawesi employed a different method. Analysis of two skeletons, one dating back 25,000 years, revealed deep, rounded grooves in the teeth. This specific wear pattern suggests the seeds were sucked or chewed whole. To determine if this method was effective without the aid of lime, researchers soaked the nuts in artificial saliva and tested the solution on cloned human receptors. The results confirmed that the seed alone releases enough arecoline to affect brain function, proving that lime is a catalyst rather than a necessity.